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大学英语A8

一、阅读理解

In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning". An individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with other people and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.

1.The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ______.

A.give parents some advice on how to bring up children

B.debate with psychologists on people's positive and negative feelings

C.teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotions

D.inform the general reader of two basic processes 广东开放大学 of modifying emotions through learning

2.In classical conditioning, a child learns to ______.

A.associate one event with a reward or punishment

B.do things that produce rewards

C.receive a reward when he feel happy

D.recognize his mother's face and voice

3.Which of the following is a case of “operant conditioning”?

A.Children learn to do things that produce punishment.

B.The baby feels happy when he sees his mother's face.

C.Children learn to mix with oth 国家开放大学 ers by reading, watching TV and so forth.

D.The baby increases his crying because his mother attends to him whenever he cries.

4.The underlined word “fashion” can be replaced by “______”.

A.vogue

B.route

C.manner

D.fate

5.According to the passage, positive feelings include ______.

A.care, association, and nice person

B.joy, happiness, and friendliness

C.comfort, cares, and anger

D.reading, watching TV, and interacting with others

A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence.

Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality.

Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. "I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner - amazing." Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly.

The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of c 渝粤教育 ourse, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to "translate" cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word "friend", the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.

6.In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ___________.

A.rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US

B.small-minded officials deserve a serious comment

C.Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors

D.most Americans are ready to offer help

7.It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ___________.

A.culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship

B.courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated

C.various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends

D.social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions

8.Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ___________.

A.to improve their hard life

B.in view of their long-distance travel

C.to add some flavor to their own daily life

D.out of a charitable impulse

9.The tradition of hospitality to strangers ___________.

A.tends to be superficial and artificial

B.is generally well kept up in the United States

C.is always understood properly

D.has something to do with the busy tourist trails

10.What’s the author’s attitudes toward the American’s friendliness?

A.Favorable.

B.Unfavorable.

C.Indifferent.

D.Neutral.

二、词汇与语法

11.Her taste in music ________ with her husband's. This makes life more interesting for them.

A.starts

B.coincides

C.blends

D.occurs

12.Mary's score on the test is the highest in her class; she ______ have studied very hard.

A.may

B.should

C.must

D.ought to

13.I used to _____TV on weekends, but now I start to do some sports with my friends.

A.watched

B.watch

C.watching

D.be watched

14.________ difficult the situation was, we managed to survive.

A.How

B.However

C.What

D.When

15.I was very tired. Otherwise, I _________ to the theatre with you.

A.had gone

B.would go

C.went

D.would have gone

16.The manager promised to keep me ____ of how our business was going on.

A.to be informed

B.on informing

C.informed

D.informing

17.He had been having trouble ______a hotel room.

A.reserving

B.to reserve

C.reserved

D.reserve

18.His brother is very ______ about wines.

A.aware

B.learned

C.knowledgeable

D.skeptical

19.The ship took machines and other goods back to the port ________ it had set off.

A.from which

B.to which

C.which

D.in which

20.- Does he speak English or Russian?

- He doesn't speak_________.

A.either

B.neither

C.another

D.none

三、完型填空

City traffic is a great __21__. More cars are produced every year and the streets are getting more and more __22__. So during rush hours, when people are going to or from their work, traffic is brought to a __23__. It has been suggested that 'commuters' (the people who travel to work every day from outside the city) should __24__ their cars and give each other lifts. So each car would carry four or five people __25__ only one. It is an excellent idea; __26__, so far nobody has been able to think of a way to force people to do so.

To __27__ motorists from leaving their cars in the streets all day, parking meters are used. When you park at a meter, you must put a coin in the slot. This pays for a certain __28__ of time. The meter records this and it shows __29__ the time that you have paid for is finished. If the car is still there then, you have to pay a __30__.

21.

A.comfort

B.business

C.incident

D.problem

22.

A.quiet

B.crowded

C.straight

D.remote

23.

A.current

B.movement

C.flow

D.standstill

24.

A.share

B.provide

C.divide

D.combine

25.

A.in spite of

B.instead of

C.with the aid of

D.in regard to

26.

A.however

B.therefore

C.furthermore

D.consequently

27.

A.encourage

B.enhance

C.discourage

D.urge

28.

A.number

B.quality

C.amount

D.sum

29.

A.when

B.where

C.those

D.which

30.

A.benefit

B.share

C.fine

D.allowance

四、汉译英

31.校长在上周举行的会议上做了关于网络教育的重要报告。

e president made/gave/delivered an important report on online education at the meeting held last week.

32.由于天气不好，飞机不能按时起飞。

cause of /Due to the bad weather the plane won't /can't take off on time.

33.我无法适应新的电脑系统，它太复杂了。

can't get used to the new computer system, which is too complicated /complex.

34.我们必须努力学习，否则就无法通过考试。

must study hard, or/otherwise we will not /can't pass the exam.

五、写作

35.Instructions:Your essay should be no less than 150 words.

You are to write an essay on the t 渝粤题库 opic “Vehicles and Life”. You should base your essay on the outline below:

1．交通工具的种类

2．交通工具在人们生活和工作中引起的变化

3．预测五十年后交通工具的形式及重要性