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大学英语A9

一、阅读理解

In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learnin 渝粤题库 g is called "classical conditioning". This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning". An individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with other people and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.

1.The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ______.

A.give parents some advice on how to bring up children

B.debate with psychologists on people's positive and negative feelings

C.teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotions

D.inform the general reader of two basic processes of modifying emotions through learning

2.In classical conditioning, a child learns to ______.

A.associate one event with a reward or punishment

B.do things that produce rewards

C.receive a reward when he feel happy

D.recognize his mother's face and voice

3.Which of the following is a case of “operant conditioning”?

A.Children learn to do things that produce punishment.

B.The baby feels happy when he sees his mother's face.

C.Children learn to mix with others by reading, watching TV and so forth.

D.The baby increases his crying because his mother attends to him whenever he cries.

4.The underlined word “fashion” can be replaced by “__ 广东开放大学 ____”.

A.vogue

B.route

C.manner

D.fate

5.According to the passage, positive feelings include ______.

A.care, association, and nice person

B.joy, happiness, and friendliness

C.comfort, cares, and anger

D.reading, watching TV, and interacting with others

Remember global warming? Back in December, the threat of climate change was thundering and the rich countries agreed to cut their carbon-dioxide and other green-house-related emissions. Since then, interest has cooled markedly, and many European countries are already running away from the promises they made so loudly a few months ago. But there has been much talk, and a bit of action, to encourage renewable energies such as wind, hydro, solar and all living organisms. These emit no greenhouse gases, but tend to cost more than coal, oil or gas.

The better, simpler idea is to remember that the easiest way to reduce something is to tax it - in this case, by taxing the carbon content power. The dirtier the power, the more tax it would pay. So dirty coal would be more expensive than clean coal, which would see its price rise in relation to oil, which would be more expensive compared with gas, which would lose some of its price advantage over renewables.

Unless a carbon tax was so huge as to be economically crippling, it would not remove the price differential between all renewables and fossil fuels. But it would narrow that gap, by fixing the differing environmental costs into the price - a useful principle in itself. It would also give renewable producers a strong incentive to cut costs, and fossil-fuel suppliers the motivation to clean their products.

Precedents suggest strongly that a carbon tax would be effective. But the disadvantage to carbon tax is political. After almost a decade of trying, the European Union gave up an attempt at a European carbon tax last year. Germany’s ruling coalition is fighting against a proposed energy tax. In America, politicians believe that even mentioning the notion is certain death. But many of the political objections could be 成人学历 met if a carbon tax were made up for the loss elsewhere, for example by lowering payroll or sales taxes. There is always suspicion when governments come up with clever new ways to tax, and rightly so. The response to that suspicion should be to win the argument, not to abandon it.

6.According to the passage, the easiest way to remove global warming is ___________.

A.to encourage people to use renewable energies

B.to cut down the cost of wind, hydro, solar and all living organisms

C.to force people to pay more tax for the carbon co 渝粤教育 ntent of power

D.to talk less but act more

7.The standard of paying tax was _________.

A.that the more carbon content of power it contained, the higher tax one would pay

B.that oil would be more expensive than clean coal

C.that renewables would be most expensive of all

D.in the order that renewables are the most expensive while clean coal the cheapest

8.We can infer from the passage that carbon tax ___________.

A.may not be as effective as people expect

B.has encouraged renewable producers to cut costs

C.has reduced consumption of the carbon content energy successfully

D.couldn’t be that effective if fossil fuels would not be forbidden

9.The word “crippling”(Para. 3) most probably means _________.

A.greatly increasing

B.seriously weakening

C.sharply declining

D.abruptly halting

10.The reason why many countries stopped introducing carbon tax eventually was mainly that ___________.

A.governments had tried to put it into effect for many years but with no obvious result

B.if one country made up the loss by paying the carbon tax, other countries would follow it

C.governments were afraid of being suspected if they adopted the new tax

D.governments had been discussing what to do with carbon tax for a long time, 国家开放大学 but they hadn’t come to an agreement

二、词汇与语法

11.I don't think this room will be big enough to _______ all the guests.

A.contain

B.hold

C.keep

D.swallow

12.The teacher asked him to write a _______ composition yesterday.

A.five-hundred-words

B.five-hundreds-word

C.five hundred word

D.five-hundred-word

13.“Do you like being married?”

“Yes, but I'm not used _______ every night.”

A.to cook

B.to cooking

C.cooking

D.to have cooked

14._______ two whole years working on the design of the equipment.

A.It took the chief engineer

B.The chief engineer spent

C.The chief engineer took

D.It cost the chief engineer

15.Jackson is not ________ as you imagine.

A.so a big fool

B.so big a fool

C.such big a fool

D.a such big fool

16.Scarcely had the storm stopped ________ the earthquake took place.

A.than

B.when

C.after

D.before

17.His brother is very ______ about wines.

A.aware

B.learned

C.knowledgeable

D.skeptical

18._____ moving at his usual stately pace, he was almost running.

A.According to

B.In the light of

C.Instead of

D.Owing to

19.The monitor will speak on ________ of the students at the opening ceremony.

A.behalf

B.benefit

C.sake

D.profit

20.It is not uncommon for ________ problems of communication between old and young.

A.there to be

B.there being

C.there to being

D.there be

三、完型填空

City traffic is a great __21__. More cars are produced every year and the streets are getting more and more __22__. So during rush hours, when people are going to or from their work, traffic is brought to a __23__. It has been suggested that 'commuters' (the people who travel to work every day from outside the city) should __24__ their cars and give each other lifts. So each car would carry four or five people __25__ only one. It is an excellent idea; __26__, so far nobody has been able to think of a way to force people to do so.

To __27__ motorists from leaving their cars in the streets all day, parking meters are used. When you park at a meter, you must put a coin in the slot. This pays for a certain __28__ of time. The meter records this and it shows __29__ the time that you have paid for is finished. If the car is still there then, you have to pay a __30__.

21.

A.comfort

B.business

C.incident

D.problem

22.

A.quiet

B.crowded

C.straight

D.remote

23.

A.current

B.movement

C.flow

D.standstill

24.

A.share

B.provide

C.divide

D.combine

25.

A.in spite of

B.instead of

C.with the aid of

D.in regard to

26.

A.however

B.therefore

C.furthermore

D.consequently

27.

A.encourage

B.enhance

C.discourage

D.urge

28.

A.number

B.quality

C.amount

D.sum

29.

A.when

B.where

C.those

D.which

30.

A.benefit

B.share

C.fine

D.allowance

四、汉译英

31.除了价格贵，这套家具还令人满意。（except for）

e furniture is satisfactory except for the high price.

32.他不但乒乓球打得好，而且钢琴弹得好。

can not only play ping-pong well, but also play the piano well.

33.我们想知道她是否会出席这个音乐会。

are wondering whether she will attend/come to this concert.

34.她和我都不知道为什么经理昨天没有来上班。

ither she nor I know why the manager didn't come to work yesterday.

五、写作

35.写作

Instructions:Your essay should be no less than 150 words.

What is the focus or the most important task for students, study or housework? Write an essay on the topic "Should We Learn to Do Housework?" You should base your essay on the outline below.

1.学生应否学做家务？有人认为应该。

2.有人认为没必要。

3.我认为……