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大学英语A6

一、阅读理解

In the same way that a child must be 广东开放大学 able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning". An individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more 成人学历 . Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with other people and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.

1.The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ______.

A.give parents some advice on how to bring up children

B.debate with psychologists on people's positive and negative feelings

C.teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotions

D.inform the general reader of two basic processes of modifying emotions through learning

2.In classical conditioning, a child learns to ______.

A.associate one event with a reward or punishment

B.do things that produce rewards

C.receive a reward when he feel happy

D.recognize his mother's face and voice

3.Which of the following is a case of “operant conditioning”?

A.Children learn to do things that produce punishment.

B.The baby feels happy when he sees his mother's face.

C.Children learn to mix with others by reading, watching TV and so forth.

D.The baby increases his crying because his mother attends to him whenever he cries.

4.The underlined word “fashion” can be replaced by “______”.

A.vogue

B.route

C.manner

D.fate

5.According to the passage, positive feelings include ______.

A.care, association, and nice person

B.joy, happiness, and friendliness

C.comfort, cares, and anger

D.reading, watching TV, and interacting with others

In 1985, the Coca-cola company made the decision to change the formula of its leading soft drink. The change was based on the findings of many market studies. These studies had shown that the general response to the new product was good. However, the change of the traditional Coca-cola by New Coke was rejected by the majority of drinkers. In fact, the company had to step back and restart production of the old formula of Coca-cola.

The most important reason why New Coke was rejected was the emotional relationship that existed between drinkers and the old soft drink formula. Drinking Coca-cola had become a tradition for many people over its 99 years of existence. The change made by the company was not only in Coke’s formula but also in the traditional values and memories that it represented 国家开放大学 to the drinkers. “We had taken away more than the product Coca-cola. We had taken away a little part of them and their past.” The drinkers rejected this “improvement”, because “they believed that Coke stood for traditional value...so they felt betrayed when the product changed completely overnight”.

Although a lot of research was done by Coca-cola company, it didn’t show the depth of drinkers’emotion for the product. The studies took many forms, but none of the tests was able to measure the degree of personal and emotional reactions caused by the disappearance of the old, traditional Coca-cola. The weakness of the research was that it was mainly quantitative in form. The result was only numbers that could not show the deep meaning the product had for many people. A more extensive study focusing on the qualitative aspects of the change would perhaps have been able to demonstrate the close relationship existing between drinkers and product.

6.Coca-cola company changed the formula in 1985 because __________.

A.it led the soft drink industry in the market

B.its market studies supported the change in the formula

C.it carried out market research for expansion

D.it simply felt the need to make the change

7.According to the passage, the drinkers rejected New Coke because of __________.

A.the late response to the market by Coca-cola company

B.the reproduction of Coca-cola’s old drink formula

C.a strong dislike by Coca-cola’s regular drinkers

D.the emotional relationship between the drinkers and the old soft drink

8.The product Coca-cola was believed to stand for __________.

A.traditional values and good memories

B.traditional customs and happy days

C.past honors and efficient management

D.top quality and wonderful taste

9.Which of the following statements is true?

A.Research by Coca-cola considered emotional factors.

B.Coca-cola did little research before they made the change.

C.Research by Coca-cola was quantitative rather than qualitative.

D.Research by Coca-cola was both quantitative and qualitative.

10.The author of the article clearly indicates that __________.

A.the weakness of the research could have been removed

B.Coca-cola should have measured the quantitative factors more carefully

C.Coca-cola should have done a more extensive qualitative study

D.A slower change of the product might have improved the sales of the company

二、词汇与语法

11.Gain at the expense of reputation should be called _______.

A.load

B.loss

C.profit

D.burden

12.The most important ________ of his speech was that we should all work whole-heartedly for the people.

A.point

B.mean

C.spot

D.word

13.“Do you like being married?”

“Yes, but I'm not used _______ every night.”

A.to cook

B.to cooking

C.cooking

D.to have cooked

14.Of the two houses the family prefers _________.

A.the more isolated one

B.the one isolated more

C.the most isolated one

D.the much isolated one

15.The Chinese food ______ good.

A.are tasted

B.tastes

C.is tasted

D.taste

16.They ________ thankful to have the opportunity to further their studies.

A.would like to be

B.ought to be

C.would rather be

D.had better be

17.It doesn't alter the fact that he was the man _____ 渝粤教育 __ for the death of the little girl.

A.according

B.guilty

C.obliged

D.responsible

18.At the end of 2004, there were around 6,000 foreign printing companies in China, ______ up around 4 percent of national total.

A.made

B.to make

C.making

D.having made

19.Since there is not much time left, I'll tell you about it _______.

A.in detail

B.in brief

C.at length

D.in all

20.His answer was so confusing that I could hardly make any ________ of it at all.

A.sense

B.meaning

C.intelligibility

D.interpretation

三、完型填空

There are two reasons why I don't think that we are ready for cloning（克隆）. First, we don't know exactly what the results of cloning would be. For example, if __21__ cloned a man, they might know what he would look like, but they wouldn't know what would __22__ him. What if scientists create another Hitler? Do you really think we would survive if this became a __23__?

Secondly, we don't know exactly what the meaning of life is. In my opinion, creating life is the duty of __24__. We must not interfere with that task because we can not understand the extremely __25__ relationship among lives that are defined by nature. We have to look at the __26__ environment around us. We will see that an ecosystem（生态系统） is composed of trillions of lives, and each life has its own function within the __27__. If we interfere with that, I think it could lead to our extinction.

Personally, I totally __28__ cloning even though it may have a lot of benefits for humans. I think we should stop it because we do not understand it and can not __29__ all of its effects. Maybe in the future, we will be __30__ to do it, but that time has not arrived.

21.

A.policemen

B.sportsmen

C.professors

D.scientists

22.

A.take from

B.bring to

C.result in

D.happen to

23.

A.reality

B.dream

C.history

D.legend

24.

A.human

B.society

C.nature

D.world

25.

A.simple

B.complex

C.strange

D.short

26.

A.scientific

B.modern

C.polluted

D.natural

27.

A.system

B.family

C.society

D.field

28.

A.believe in

B.disagree on

C.apply to

D.give up

29.

A.forget

B.produce

C.r 渝粤题库 efuse

D.control

30.

A.hard

B.worried

C.ready

D.surprised

四、汉译英

31.经理对项目小组上交的年度报告很满意。

e manager was very satisfied with the yearly/annual report submitted/handed in by the project team.

32.我们必须努力学习，否则就无法通过考试。

must study hard, or/otherwise we will not /can't pass the exam.

33.有了他的帮助，我们就没有其他什么可担心的了。

th his help, we have nothing else to worry about.

34.如果昨天我知道这件事, 我就会告诉你的。

I had known about it yesterday, I would have told you.

五、写作

35.Instructions:Your essay should be no less than 150 words.

Directions: You are to write an essay on the topic"Should Private Cars Be Encouraged in China".You should base your composition on the outline below:

1．目前中国私家小汽车状况。

2．小汽车给人们生活带来哪些变化。

3．你的态度。